Return to Civilian Rule (2008–2018)

The period from 2008 to 2018 in Pakistan was marked by the restoration of civilian rule following nearly a decade of military governance under General Pervez Musharraf. This era saw two significant political parties—the Pakistan People’s Party (PPP) and the Pakistan Muslim League-Nawaz (PML-N)—taking turns in leadership, alongside challenges such as terrorism, economic instability, and political controversies.

1. Pakistan People’s Party (PPP) Government under Asif Ali Zardari (2008–2013)

  • Background: Following the resignation of Musharraf in 2008, general elections were held in February, leading to a historic victory for the Pakistan People’s Party (PPP), which was co-chaired by Asif Ali Zardari, the widower of former Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto, who had been assassinated in December 2007.
  • Zardari’s Presidency: Asif Ali Zardari was elected President of Pakistan in September 2008. His tenure was characterized by efforts to navigate the political landscape and manage various crises.
  • Key Policies:
  • Constitutional Reforms: The PPP government focused on reversing some of the constitutional changes made during Musharraf’s regime. This included the 18th Amendment in 2010, which restored parliamentary powers and curtailed the President’s authority.
  • Social Programs: The Benazir Income Support Programme (BISP) was launched to provide financial assistance to low-income families, aimed at alleviating poverty.

2. Challenges: Energy Crisis, Terrorism, Economic Decline

  • Energy Crisis: One of the significant challenges faced during Zardari’s government was the energy crisis, leading to severe electricity shortages. The government struggled to implement reforms in the energy sector, which resulted in widespread protests and public dissatisfaction.
  • Terrorism and Security Issues: The PPP government faced rampant terrorism, with numerous attacks from extremist groups. High-profile incidents, including the attack on the Army Public School in Peshawar (2014), highlighted the urgent need for improved security measures and counter-terrorism strategies.
  • Economic Decline: The economy suffered during this period, with rising inflation, fiscal deficits, and declining foreign investment. The government faced criticism for its handling of economic policies and was unable to provide significant relief from economic hardships.

3. Pakistan Muslim League (N) Government under Nawaz Sharif (2013–2018)

  • 2013 Elections: The general elections held in May 2013 resulted in a sweeping victory for the Pakistan Muslim League-Nawaz (PML-N), led by Nawaz Sharif, who became Prime Minister for the third time. His government promised economic reforms and stability.
  • Economic Focus:
  • Nawaz Sharif’s administration prioritized economic growth, infrastructure development, and energy generation. His government launched various projects aimed at improving power generation and infrastructure, including roads and highways.

4. China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) Initiation

  • CPEC Overview: The China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) was a major project initiated during Nawaz Sharif’s tenure, aimed at enhancing connectivity between China and Pakistan through a network of roads, railways, and energy projects. The initiative included significant Chinese investment in infrastructure and energy projects.
  • Economic Impact: CPEC was expected to boost Pakistan’s economy by creating jobs, improving transportation infrastructure, and addressing energy shortages. However, it also raised concerns over debt sustainability and the potential loss of sovereignty.

5. Panama Papers Scandal and Nawaz Sharif’s Disqualification

  • Panama Papers Leak (2016): In April 2016, the Panama Papers revealed offshore holdings of several global leaders, including Nawaz Sharif’s family. The documents indicated that Sharif’s children owned offshore companies and properties, raising questions about his financial integrity.
  • Supreme Court Proceedings: The revelations led to a series of legal battles, culminating in a Supreme Court investigation into Sharif’s assets. The court found insufficient evidence to prove Sharif’s innocence regarding corruption charges.
  • Disqualification (2017): On July 28, 2017, the Supreme Court disqualified Nawaz Sharif from holding public office, citing his failure to disclose assets. His disqualification marked a significant moment in Pakistan’s political history, leading to the appointment of Shahid Khaqan Abbasi as Prime Minister.

Key Achievements and Challenges of the Era (2008–2018)

Achievements:

  1. Democratic Transition: Successful transition back to civilian rule after a decade of military governance, establishing a more stable political environment.
  2. Constitutional Reforms: The 18th Amendment strengthened parliamentary democracy and curtailed presidential powers.
  3. CPEC Initiation: Launched CPEC, fostering economic ties with China and promising significant infrastructure development.

Challenges:

  1. Energy Crisis: Continued energy shortages leading to public discontent and protests.
  2. Terrorism: Rampant terrorism and security challenges necessitated urgent government action.
  3. Economic Decline: Economic instability, rising inflation, and fiscal deficits led to criticism of both the PPP and PML-N governments.
  4. Political Corruption: The Panama Papers scandal highlighted corruption concerns and resulted in Nawaz Sharif’s disqualification.



Pakistan 2008-2024

2008–2013: Pakistan People’s Party (PPP) Government under Asif Ali Zardari

  1. Return to Civilian Rule:

  • February 2008 Elections: The PPP emerged victorious, winning 81 seats in the National Assembly, while the Pakistan Muslim League (N) and the Awami National Party also gained representation.
  • Coalition Government: Formed a coalition government with the Awami National Party (ANP) and Muttahida Qaumi Movement (MQM).

  1. Asif Ali Zardari’s Presidency:

  • September 2008: Zardari was elected as President, focusing on governance reform and democracy restoration.
  • Constitutional Amendments: The 18th Amendment was passed in 2010, restoring powers to the Prime Minister and Parliament, and abolished the controversial 17th Amendment that gave excessive power to the President.

  1. 2008 Floods:

  • Impact: Approximately 20 million people were affected, with an estimated $10 billion in damages.
  • International Response: The global community responded with humanitarian aid, but recovery efforts faced challenges.

  1. Security Challenges:

  • Terrorism: Increased militant attacks, including the 2009 Lahore Police Academy attack and the 2012 attack on Malala Yousafzai.
  • Military Operations: Major operations such as Operation Rah-e-Rast and Operation Zarb-e-Azb were initiated against the Taliban in the northern regions.

  1. Economic Struggles:

  • GDP Growth: Averaged around 2-3%, with inflation peaking at 25% in 2011.
  • Energy Crisis: Severe electricity shortages led to nationwide protests; the government struggled to manage load shedding.

  1. Judicial Movement:

  • March 2009: Massive protests led to the restoration of Chief Justice Iftikhar Muhammad Chaudhry, symbolizing the judiciary’s independence.

2013–2018: Pakistan Muslim League (N) Government under Nawaz Sharif

  1. Election Victory:

  • May 2013 Elections: PML-N secured 166 out of 342 seats in the National Assembly, forming a government with Nawaz Sharif as Prime Minister.

  1. Economic Policies:

  • Energy Sector Reforms: Initiated projects to increase electricity production and reduce load shedding. Key projects included Nandipur Power Plant and renewable energy initiatives.
  • Infrastructure Development: Focus on infrastructure projects, including motorways and roads.

  1. China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC):

  • Initiated in 2015: A multi-billion dollar investment project aimed at enhancing connectivity and energy infrastructure.
  • Benefits: Projected to create jobs and improve trade, positioning Pakistan as a regional trade hub.

  1. Panama Papers Scandal:

  • April 2016: The Panama Papers leak implicated Nawaz Sharif and his family in offshore businesses, leading to a Supreme Court investigation.
  • Disqualification: Nawaz was disqualified from holding public office in July 2017 due to corruption charges.

  1. Political Turbulence:

  • Opposition Protests: The opposition, led by Imran Khan’s PTI, organized protests demanding accountability and reforms.
  • Deteriorating Relations: Tensions grew between the government and the judiciary, culminating in political instability.

2018–2022: Imran Khan’s Government (Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf, PTI)

  1. Election Victory:

  • July 2018 Elections: PTI won 116 out of 342 seats, forming a coalition government with smaller parties.
  • Imran Khan as Prime Minister: Focused on a vision of “Naya Pakistan” (New Pakistan) with anti-corruption as a key agenda.

  1. Anti-Corruption Campaign:

  • Accountability Drive: High-profile investigations and arrests of political opponents, including Shahbaz Sharif and other PML-N leaders.
  • Establishment of the National Accountability Bureau (NAB): Enhanced powers to investigate corruption.

  1. Economic Challenges:

  • Rising Inflation: Inflation peaked at over 30% in 2022, leading to public discontent.
  • Currency Devaluation: The Pakistani rupee depreciated significantly, causing an increase in import costs.

  1. COVID-19 Pandemic:

  • Government Response: Launched the “Ehsaas Program” to provide financial assistance to low-income families.
  • Vaccination Drive: Initiated mass vaccination campaigns, working with international partners for vaccine procurement.

  1. Foreign Policy:

  • Relations with China: Strengthened ties under CPEC; trade agreements and military cooperation.
  • US Relations: Managed complex relations with the US, balancing cooperation on counterterrorism and regional stability.

  1. Political Instability:

  • Opposition Alliance: A coalition of opposition parties formed the Pakistan Democratic Movement (PDM) to challenge PTI’s governance.
  • No-Confidence Vote: In April 2022, Imran Khan was ousted as Prime Minister through a successful no-confidence vote.

2022–2024: Political Instability and Future Developments

  1. Imran Khan’s Ouster:

  • No-Confidence Vote: Led to Shehbaz Sharif becoming Prime Minister; marked a significant political shift.
  • Public Protests: Khan’s supporters held protests demanding early elections and criticizing the new government.

  1. Shehbaz Sharif’s Government:

  • Economic Focus: Prioritized stabilizing the economy, managing inflation, and negotiating with the International Monetary Fund (IMF) for financial support.
  • Energy Crisis Management: Continued efforts to resolve energy shortages through various reforms and projects.

  1. Security Concerns:

  • Rise in Terrorism: Increased attacks, particularly in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, highlighted ongoing security challenges.
  • Militancy Resurgence: Groups like the Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan (TTP) gained traction, leading to military operations in border regions.

  1. Judicial Challenges:

  • Political Interference: Continued tensions between the judiciary and the government regarding accountability and judicial independence.

  1. International Relations:

  • China Relations: Continued collaboration on CPEC and defense; China’s support in economic crises was emphasized.
  • US-Pakistan Relations: The relationship remained complex, with ongoing discussions about counterterrorism and economic cooperation.

  1. Upcoming Elections:

  • Elections Scheduled for 2024: Political parties began preparations for the next general elections, with significant speculation about alliances and electoral strategies.

Key Figures

  • Population: Approximately 240 million (2024 estimate), making Pakistan the fifth most populous country in the world.
  • GDP Growth: Varied significantly; after growth rates around 5% in 2016-2017, faced declines during economic crises.
  • Inflation Rates: Exceeded 30% in 2023, leading to widespread protests and calls for economic reform.
  • Foreign Reserves: Fell to critical levels, with reserves dropping to around $8 billion in late 2022, affecting imports and debt repayment.



Zia-ul-Haq’s Martial Law and Islamization (1977–1988)

The era of General Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq (1977–1988) was one of the most transformative and controversial periods in Pakistan’s history. Zia came to power through a military coup, enforced martial law, and introduced widespread Islamization policies that reshaped Pakistan’s legal, social, and political fabric. His regime was also marked by Pakistan’s significant involvement in the Soviet-Afghan War, making the country a frontline state in the Cold War. Here is a detailed account of the major events and policies during Zia’s rule:

1. Martial Law Imposed by General Zia-ul-Haq

  • Military Coup (1977): On July 5, 1977, General Zia-ul-Haq overthrew Prime Minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto in a bloodless military coup, citing widespread unrest and allegations of electoral fraud in the 1977 general elections. Zia promised to hold new elections within 90 days but delayed them indefinitely, citing the need for political stability and reform.
  • Martial Law Rule: Zia declared martial law, suspending the constitution and the national assembly. Political activities were banned, and the media was strictly controlled. Bhutto was arrested, tried for conspiracy to commit murder, and later executed in 1979, a decision that polarized the nation and remains controversial.
  • Extension of Power: Zia consolidated his power by appointing military officers to key civil posts, curbing dissent through censorship, and using martial law to suppress political opposition. His military regime lasted for 11 years, making him one of the longest-serving rulers in Pakistan’s history.

2. Islamization Policies: Hudood Ordinances, Sharia Laws

Zia-ul-Haq’s most significant legacy was his Islamization campaign, which aimed to align Pakistan’s laws and institutions with Islamic principles. This was in part a response to growing demands for Islamic governance and to legitimize his regime in the absence of electoral support.

  • Hudood Ordinances (1979): One of the most controversial measures, the Hudood Ordinances, aimed to Islamize Pakistan’s criminal justice system. These laws dealt with crimes like theft, adultery, and alcohol consumption, prescribing punishments based on Islamic law, including flogging, amputation, and stoning to death. The ordinances had severe consequences, particularly for women, who were disproportionately affected by the legal framework in cases of rape and adultery.
  • Nizam-e-Mustafa (System of the Prophet): Zia promoted the establishment of a system based on Sharia (Islamic law). In 1980, he established the Federal Shariat Court to ensure that laws conformed to Islamic principles. All laws could be challenged if they were seen as un-Islamic, giving religious clerics a significant role in legal matters.
  • Zakat and Ushr Ordinances (1980): Zia introduced the mandatory collection of Zakat (charity tax) and Ushr (agricultural tax) from Muslims to be distributed to the needy. This was aimed at promoting Islamic welfare principles, but it created divisions, particularly among the Shia community, who opposed the state’s interpretation of these Islamic taxes.
  • Islamization of Education: Zia also focused on Islamizing education, introducing Islamic studies as a mandatory subject in schools and promoting an Islamic worldview in textbooks. Religious education was emphasized, and the madrassa (Islamic seminary) system grew significantly, some of which later became linked to militancy.

3. Soviet-Afghan War: Pakistan’s Role as a Frontline State

Zia’s regime coincided with the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in 1979, which had profound consequences for Pakistan.

  • Frontline State: Pakistan became a crucial ally of the United States in its efforts to repel Soviet forces from Afghanistan. Zia’s government provided support to the Afghan Mujahedeen (freedom fighters), offering them training, arms, and logistical support with the backing of the CIA and Saudi Arabia. Pakistan’s Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI) played a key role in channeling this support.
  • Impact on Pakistan: The war brought substantial foreign aid to Pakistan, bolstering its economy and military. However, it also had long-term consequences, including the influx of millions of Afghan refugees into Pakistan, the spread of weapons and narcotics, and the radicalization of religious groups within the country. The proliferation of extremist ideologies during this period later contributed to internal sectarian violence and militancy in Pakistan.
  • Strengthening of Military: The Afghan War also allowed Zia to strengthen the military’s role in Pakistan’s politics and economy. Pakistan’s military developed close ties with the US, receiving billions in aid and becoming a dominant force in the country’s decision-making processes.

4. Economic and Social Reforms

While Zia’s regime is primarily remembered for its Islamization and involvement in the Afghan War, there were also significant economic and social changes during this period.

  • Economic Growth: Pakistan’s economy saw moderate growth during the Zia era, partly due to US aid and increased remittances from Pakistanis working abroad, particularly in the Middle East. The construction and services sectors saw expansion, and Pakistan’s GDP grew at a steady pace.
  • Privatization: Zia reversed many of Bhutto’s nationalization policies, promoting privatization and encouraging private enterprise. The agricultural and industrial sectors benefited from market-friendly policies, although wealth inequality remained a problem.
  • Islamic Banking: In line with his Islamization policy, Zia introduced interest-free banking in Pakistan, advocating for an economic system based on Islamic finance principles. This was part of his broader aim to Islamize all facets of society, including the economy.
  • Social Conservatism: Zia’s policies also promoted a conservative social agenda, restricting women’s rights and altering the role of women in public life. The censorship of media, especially films and television, increased during his rule to conform to Islamic values.

5. Death of Zia in a Plane Crash (1988)

  • Plane Crash (1988): On August 17, 1988, Zia-ul-Haq died in a mysterious plane crash near Bahawalpur, Pakistan. The crash also killed several high-ranking military officers and the US ambassador to Pakistan, Arnold Raphel. The cause of the crash remains controversial, with theories ranging from technical failure to sabotage, but no conclusive evidence has emerged.
  • Aftermath: Zia’s sudden death left a political vacuum in Pakistan. His death paved the way for the return of civilian rule, and elections were held later in 1988. His legacy remains divisive, with some viewing him as a champion of Islamic values and military strength, while others criticize him for undermining democracy and fostering extremism in Pakistan.



Imran Khan’s Government (2018–2022)

Imran Khan’s government, led by his political party, Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf (PTI), marked a significant shift in Pakistan’s political landscape. His tenure as Prime Minister was defined by his focus on anti-corruption, economic reforms, and efforts to improve governance. Although his government faced multiple challenges such as the COVID-19 pandemic, inflation, and political instability, it also made notable achievements in various sectors. Here’s a comprehensive overview of Imran Khan’s government from 2018 to 2022:

1. Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf (PTI) Victory in 2018 Elections

  • Historic Win: In July 2018, Imran Khan’s PTI won the general elections, securing enough seats to form a government, although with a coalition. His victory was seen as a triumph of his promise to bring about change, eradicate corruption, and uplift the economy. Imran Khan’s rise was especially significant given his long-standing position as an outsider in Pakistani politics, often challenging the established political dynasties of the Pakistan People’s Party (PPP) and the Pakistan Muslim League-Nawaz (PML-N).
  • Vision of a “Naya Pakistan”: Imran Khan campaigned on the platform of creating a “Naya (New) Pakistan” with a focus on governance reform, accountability, and improving the welfare of the common citizen. His manifesto emphasized transparency, education, healthcare, and job creation.

2. Focus on Anti-Corruption, Accountability, and Economic Reforms

  • Anti-Corruption Drive: One of the hallmarks of Imran Khan’s government was its relentless focus on anti-corruption. His administration initiated inquiries and legal actions against several high-profile political figures accused of corruption, including members of the previous governments. The establishment of the Asset Recovery Unit aimed to bring back looted wealth from abroad.
  • Accountability: The government emphasized accountability and transparency, promising to hold public officials accountable for their actions. This was seen in initiatives like the formation of a Commission of Inquiry to investigate Pakistan’s debt accumulation over the previous decades.
  • Economic Reforms:
  • IMF Program: To stabilize the economy, Pakistan entered into a bailout agreement with the International Monetary Fund (IMF) in 2019. The program focused on fiscal consolidation, economic reforms, and strengthening the tax base.
  • Ehsaas Program: Khan’s government introduced the Ehsaas Program, one of the largest social protection initiatives in Pakistan’s history. It aimed to uplift marginalized communities by providing financial support and food security. Sub-programs like Ehsaas Emergency Cash played a vital role during the pandemic.
  • Poverty Alleviation and Welfare State Vision: Khan aimed to lay the groundwork for transforming Pakistan into a welfare state, with initiatives aimed at poverty alleviation, job creation, and expanding healthcare services.
  • Industrial and Export Growth: The government focused on boosting industrial growth, particularly in sectors like textiles, and incentivizing exports to reduce the trade deficit. Policies aimed at increasing exports and restricting unnecessary imports began to show positive results, improving Pakistan’s current account deficit.

3. Handling of the COVID-19 Pandemic

  • Pandemic Response: The outbreak of COVID-19 in early 2020 posed a significant challenge to Pakistan. Imran Khan’s government responded by implementing a series of measures to balance public health safety with economic sustainability.
  • Smart Lockdowns: Pakistan adopted a “smart lockdown” strategy, targeting specific areas with high infection rates rather than shutting down the entire country. This approach was aimed at minimizing economic damage while controlling the spread of the virus.
  • Ehsaas Emergency Cash Program: In response to the economic crisis caused by the pandemic, the government launched the Ehsaas Emergency Cash Program, providing direct financial assistance to millions of families affected by the lockdowns.
  • Vaccination Drive: Despite global challenges, Pakistan managed to procure vaccines and launched a vaccination drive that eventually vaccinated millions of its citizens, helping to mitigate the impact of COVID-19.

4. Inflation and Economic Challenges

  • Rising Inflation: Despite efforts to stabilize the economy, Imran Khan’s government struggled with high inflation rates, largely driven by external factors such as rising global fuel prices, currency depreciation, and the COVID-19-induced economic slowdown. The cost of essential commodities like food and energy spiked, putting pressure on low- and middle-income households.
  • Economic Strain: While there were positive trends in export growth and remittances, inflation remained a persistent issue, leading to widespread public dissatisfaction. The IMF program, while stabilizing the economy, also required austerity measures that made things difficult for the common man.

5. Political Instability and Imran Khan’s Ouster (2022)

  • Opposition Pressure: Throughout Imran Khan’s tenure, the opposition parties, primarily the PPP and PML-N, mounted pressure on his government, accusing it of economic mismanagement and failing to deliver on its promises. The opposition formed the Pakistan Democratic Movement (PDM), a coalition aimed at ousting the PTI government.
  • No-Confidence Motion: In early 2022, the political situation escalated when opposition parties submitted a no-confidence motion against Imran Khan. After weeks of political drama, Khan’s government was ousted in April 2022 through the parliamentary process.
  • Allegations of Foreign Interference: Imran Khan claimed that his ouster was part of a conspiracy involving foreign powers, although no substantial evidence was provided. His removal from office marked the end of his government but strengthened his political stance as he shifted to an anti-establishment narrative, gaining popularity with his supporters.

Positive Achievements of Imran Khan’s Government

  1. Ehsaas Program: The introduction of the Ehsaas Program was a significant step toward social welfare, addressing poverty alleviation and providing social safety nets.
  2. Environment and Climate Action: Khan’s government launched the Billion Tree Tsunami initiative and other green projects to combat climate change and improve environmental sustainability.
  3. Increased Exports and Remittances: Pakistan’s exports, particularly in textiles, grew under Imran Khan’s tenure, and remittances from overseas Pakistanis saw record highs.
  4. Construction and Housing Initiatives: The Naya Pakistan Housing Scheme aimed to provide affordable housing to the masses and boost the construction industry, generating jobs and promoting economic activity.
  5. Health Sector Initiatives: The Sehat Sahulat Program, a health insurance scheme, was expanded to provide healthcare to millions of Pakistanis, especially in poorer regions.
  6. Foreign Relations: Imran Khan maintained balanced foreign relations, especially with China (CPEC development) and continued strong ties with the Gulf countries, securing vital financial assistance from countries like Saudi Arabia.



Return to Civilian Rule (2008–2018)

The period from 2008 to 2018 in Pakistan was marked by the restoration of civilian rule following nearly a decade of military governance under General Pervez Musharraf. This era saw two significant political parties—the Pakistan People’s Party (PPP) and the Pakistan Muslim League-Nawaz (PML-N)—taking turns in leadership, alongside challenges such as terrorism, economic instability, and political controversies.

1. Pakistan People’s Party (PPP) Government under Asif Ali Zardari (2008–2013)

  • Background: Following the resignation of Musharraf in 2008, general elections were held in February, leading to a historic victory for the Pakistan People’s Party (PPP), which was co-chaired by Asif Ali Zardari, the widower of former Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto, who had been assassinated in December 2007.
  • Zardari’s Presidency: Asif Ali Zardari was elected President of Pakistan in September 2008. His tenure was characterized by efforts to navigate the political landscape and manage various crises.
  • Key Policies:
  • Constitutional Reforms: The PPP government focused on reversing some of the constitutional changes made during Musharraf’s regime. This included the 18th Amendment in 2010, which restored parliamentary powers and curtailed the President’s authority.
  • Social Programs: The Benazir Income Support Programme (BISP) was launched to provide financial assistance to low-income families, aimed at alleviating poverty.

2. Challenges: Energy Crisis, Terrorism, Economic Decline

  • Energy Crisis: One of the significant challenges faced during Zardari’s government was the energy crisis, leading to severe electricity shortages. The government struggled to implement reforms in the energy sector, which resulted in widespread protests and public dissatisfaction.
  • Terrorism and Security Issues: The PPP government faced rampant terrorism, with numerous attacks from extremist groups. High-profile incidents, including the attack on the Army Public School in Peshawar (2014), highlighted the urgent need for improved security measures and counter-terrorism strategies.
  • Economic Decline: The economy suffered during this period, with rising inflation, fiscal deficits, and declining foreign investment. The government faced criticism for its handling of economic policies and was unable to provide significant relief from economic hardships.

3. Pakistan Muslim League (N) Government under Nawaz Sharif (2013–2018)

  • 2013 Elections: The general elections held in May 2013 resulted in a sweeping victory for the Pakistan Muslim League-Nawaz (PML-N), led by Nawaz Sharif, who became Prime Minister for the third time. His government promised economic reforms and stability.
  • Economic Focus:
  • Nawaz Sharif’s administration prioritized economic growth, infrastructure development, and energy generation. His government launched various projects aimed at improving power generation and infrastructure, including roads and highways.

4. China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) Initiation

  • CPEC Overview: The China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) was a major project initiated during Nawaz Sharif’s tenure, aimed at enhancing connectivity between China and Pakistan through a network of roads, railways, and energy projects. The initiative included significant Chinese investment in infrastructure and energy projects.
  • Economic Impact: CPEC was expected to boost Pakistan’s economy by creating jobs, improving transportation infrastructure, and addressing energy shortages. However, it also raised concerns over debt sustainability and the potential loss of sovereignty.

5. Panama Papers Scandal and Nawaz Sharif’s Disqualification

  • Panama Papers Leak (2016): In April 2016, the Panama Papers revealed offshore holdings of several global leaders, including Nawaz Sharif’s family. The documents indicated that Sharif’s children owned offshore companies and properties, raising questions about his financial integrity.
  • Supreme Court Proceedings: The revelations led to a series of legal battles, culminating in a Supreme Court investigation into Sharif’s assets. The court found insufficient evidence to prove Sharif’s innocence regarding corruption charges.
  • Disqualification (2017): On July 28, 2017, the Supreme Court disqualified Nawaz Sharif from holding public office, citing his failure to disclose assets. His disqualification marked a significant moment in Pakistan’s political history, leading to the appointment of Shahid Khaqan Abbasi as Prime Minister.

Key Achievements and Challenges of the Era (2008–2018)

Achievements:

  1. Democratic Transition: Successful transition back to civilian rule after a decade of military governance, establishing a more stable political environment.
  2. Constitutional Reforms: The 18th Amendment strengthened parliamentary democracy and curtailed presidential powers.
  3. CPEC Initiation: Launched CPEC, fostering economic ties with China and promising significant infrastructure development.

Challenges:

  1. Energy Crisis: Continued energy shortages leading to public discontent and protests.
  2. Terrorism: Rampant terrorism and security challenges necessitated urgent government action.
  3. Economic Decline: Economic instability, rising inflation, and fiscal deficits led to criticism of both the PPP and PML-N governments.
  4. Political Corruption: The Panama Papers scandal highlighted corruption concerns and resulted in Nawaz Sharif’s disqualification.



Musharraf’s Era (1999–2008)

General Pervez Musharraf’s regime, lasting from 1999 to 2008, was characterized by a military coup, significant changes in domestic and foreign policy, economic reforms, and a contentious relationship with political opponents. His era also saw Pakistan becoming a key ally of the United States in the War on Terror, alongside serious challenges such as religious extremism and political unrest.

1. Military Coup by General Pervez Musharraf

  • Background: In the late 1990s, Pakistan faced significant political instability, with corruption allegations against the governments of Benazir Bhutto and Nawaz Sharif. The political situation was further exacerbated by economic challenges and growing dissatisfaction among the military establishment.
  • Coup of October 12, 1999: On October 12, 1999, General Pervez Musharraf, then Chief of Army Staff, staged a coup d’état against Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif. The coup was marked by the military’s swift takeover of key government buildings and media outlets. Sharif attempted to dismiss Musharraf, but the military took control, and Sharif was arrested.
  • Martial Law: Following the coup, Musharraf declared a state of emergency and imposed martial law. He assumed the titles of Chief Executive and later became the President of Pakistan. His regime was characterized by a blend of military and civilian governance, with Musharraf positioning himself as a reformist leader.

2. War on Terror and Pakistan’s Alliance with the US

  • Post-9/11 Context: Following the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks in the United States, Musharraf found himself in a precarious position. The U.S. launched a global War on Terror aimed at dismantling terrorist networks, particularly targeting al-Qaeda and the Taliban regime in Afghanistan.
  • Alliance with the US: Musharraf allied Pakistan with the United States, providing logistical support for the U.S. military operation in Afghanistan. This alliance brought significant military and economic aid to Pakistan, but also created domestic backlash due to the association with U.S. policies in the region.
  • Counter-Terrorism Efforts: Musharraf’s government cracked down on Islamist militant groups within Pakistan, some of which had historical ties to the state. This included banning several militant organizations, a move that angered various religious factions and led to increased violence.

3. Economic Growth and Reforms

  • Economic Liberalization: Musharraf’s government implemented a series of economic reforms aimed at liberalizing the economy. These included privatization of state-owned enterprises, deregulation of various sectors, and attracting foreign investment.
  • Growth Indicators: Under Musharraf’s regime, Pakistan experienced notable economic growth, with GDP growth rates averaging around 6% per annum during the early years of his rule. The government focused on infrastructure development, and urbanization, and improved macroeconomic indicators.
  • Social Reforms: The Musharraf regime introduced various social reforms, particularly in education and women’s rights. Initiatives included increasing female participation in education and establishing micro-financing programs to empower women economically.
  • Criticism and Challenges: Despite the economic progress, the benefits were unevenly distributed, leading to increased wealth inequality. The privatization of key industries faced criticism for favoring cronies and lacking transparency.

4. Lal Masjid Operation (2007)

  • Background: The Lal Masjid (Red Mosque) in Islamabad became a center for militant Islamic activity, led by Abdul Rashid Ghazi and Abdul Rashid Ghazi. The mosque openly challenged the government, promoting a strict interpretation of Sharia law and calling for jihad against the state.
  • Siege and Operation: In July 2007, tensions escalated between the mosque’s administration and the government. The situation culminated in a violent standoff, leading to a military operation to clear the mosque. The operation resulted in significant casualties, including militants, soldiers, and civilians.
  • Aftermath and Impact: The operation sparked widespread protests and led to increased militant activity across Pakistan. It was seen as a turning point in Musharraf’s rule, escalating violence and resulting in a backlash against the military government. Many militants vowed revenge, and attacks on security forces surged in the following years.

5. Judicial Movement and Musharraf’s Resignation (2008)

  • Judicial Crisis: In 2007, Musharraf suspended the constitution and dismissed the judiciary to maintain his grip on power, which included the removal of Chief Justice Iftikhar Muhammad Chaudhry. This action triggered widespread protests led by lawyers and civil society, culminating in the Judicial Movement.
  • Lawyers’ Movement: The movement garnered national and international attention, uniting various opposition groups against Musharraf’s authoritarian rule. The protests were marked by significant civil disobedience and led to calls for the restoration of an independent judiciary.
  • Elections of 2008: Amid increasing political pressure and declining support, Musharraf announced a state of emergency in November 2007 and subsequently resigned as army chief. In February 2008, general elections were held, resulting in a decisive victory for opposition parties, including the Pakistan People’s Party (PPP) led by Benazir Bhutto’s widow, Asif Ali Zardari.
  • Resignation: Facing mounting pressure from political opponents and the public, Musharraf resigned from the presidency on August 18, 2008, stating that he did not want to see further bloodshed. His resignation marked the end of nearly nine years of military rule and the beginning of a new phase of democratic governance in Pakistan.

Key Achievements and Challenges of Musharraf’s Era

Achievements:

  1. Economic Growth: Significant economic growth during the early years of his rule, with reforms attracting foreign investment.
  2. Alliance with the US: Strengthened Pakistan’s geopolitical position as a key ally in the War on Terror.
  3. Infrastructure Development: Improved infrastructure and urban development projects across Pakistan.

Challenges:

  1. Domestic Violence: Increased militant activity and violence in response to government policies, particularly after the Lal Masjid operation.
  2. Political Opposition: Growing unrest and opposition from political parties and civil society, culminating in the Lawyers’ Movement.
  3. Authoritarianism: His increasingly authoritarian rule led to widespread protests and a loss of popular support.



Zulfikar Ali Bhutto’s Era (1971–1977)

Zulfikar Ali Bhutto’s era, from 1971 to 1977, was a period of significant transformation and reform in Pakistan’s political, economic, and social landscape. Bhutto, who became the President of Pakistan following the fall of East Pakistan and later transitioned to Prime Minister, is remembered for his populist policies, nationalization, constitutional reforms, and eventual downfall through military intervention. Below is a detailed account of his era:

1. Bhutto’s Rise to Power (1971)

  • Fall of East Pakistan and Emergence of Bangladesh (1971): The separation of East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) in 1971 marked the most critical moment in Pakistan’s history. After a brutal civil war and intervention by Indian forces, Pakistan’s eastern wing became independent.
  • Bhutto Becomes President: In the wake of this national crisis, General Yahya Khan’s government collapsed. On December 20, 1971, Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, the leader of the Pakistan People’s Party (PPP), took charge as the civilian President of Pakistan and Chief Martial Law Administrator. He became the first civilian to hold such a powerful role.

2. Constitution of 1973

  • Drafting of a New Constitution: One of Bhutto’s major achievements was the formulation of the 1973 Constitution, which remains Pakistan’s current constitution. The constitution was the result of a consensus between different political factions and was designed to establish a parliamentary system with a clear division of powers.
  • Islamic Republic: The 1973 Constitution declared Pakistan an Islamic Republic and included provisions ensuring Islam’s role as the state religion, while also outlining fundamental rights for citizens.
  • Shift to Prime Minister: Under this new constitution, the position of President was largely ceremonial, and Bhutto became the Prime Minister in 1973, with executive powers shifting to the office of the Prime Minister.

3. Economic Policies: Nationalization

  • Nationalization of Key Industries (1972–1974): One of Bhutto’s hallmark policies was the nationalization of major industries, including banks, steel, cement, and energy sectors, in an effort to centralize economic control and reduce foreign influence.
  • The government took over more than 30 major industries, with the goal of achieving self-sufficiency and reducing income inequality.
  • While these policies initially gained support from labor groups and lower-income populations, they later faced criticism for inefficiency, corruption, and a decline in productivity.
  • Land Reforms: Bhutto also attempted land reforms to redistribute agricultural land among peasants and curb the power of large landowners, though the impact of these reforms was limited due to political opposition and bureaucratic loopholes.

4. Social Reforms and Foreign Policy

  • Labor and Education Reforms: Bhutto’s government introduced significant labor reforms, including the establishment of labor courts and trade union rights. The education system saw expansions, and efforts were made to improve literacy rates, though the results were mixed.
  • Nuclear Policy: One of Bhutto’s most enduring legacies was his commitment to establishing Pakistan’s nuclear program. Bhutto famously stated that Pakistan would develop nuclear capability even if the country had to “eat grass.” The foundations of Pakistan’s nuclear weapons program were laid during his era.
  • Foreign Policy Initiatives:
  • Bhutto sought to strengthen relations with China and Saudi Arabia while maintaining a non-aligned position during the Cold War.
  • Pakistan’s relations with the United States deteriorated somewhat due to Bhutto’s socialist policies and his pursuit of nuclear technology.
  • Bhutto also worked to build solidarity with other Muslim countries and played a significant role in the establishment of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC).

5. Domestic Challenges and Political Opposition

  • Balochistan Insurgency (1973–1977): Bhutto faced a serious insurgency in the Balochistan province, where separatist movements demanded greater autonomy. His government responded by deploying the military, and the conflict resulted in significant casualties and further alienation of the Baloch population.
  • Opposition from Political Rivals: Bhutto’s tenure was marked by growing opposition from political factions and religious groups. His authoritarian tendencies, suppression of opposition parties, and use of police forces to curb dissent led to political unrest.

6. Islamic Socialist Policies and the “Awami” Image

  • Socialist Rhetoric: Bhutto’s political philosophy was centered around Islamic socialism, which combined socialist economic policies with Islamic principles. He presented himself as a champion of the poor and downtrodden, and his populist rhetoric resonated with the masses.
  • “Awami” (People’s) Image: Bhutto carefully cultivated an image of being close to the common man. His frequent public speeches, mass rallies, and promises to uplift the lower classes won him substantial support among Pakistan’s rural and urban working classes.

7. Downfall and the 1977 General Elections

  • Controversy in the 1977 Elections: Bhutto’s government called for general elections in March 1977. His party, the PPP, secured a majority, but the opposition alleged massive electoral fraud.
  • Formation of the PNA: A coalition of nine opposition parties, known as the Pakistan National Alliance (PNA), organized protests against Bhutto’s government, leading to widespread civil unrest. The PNA demanded new elections and accused Bhutto of authoritarianism.
  • Martial Law and Bhutto’s Removal: On July 5, 1977, General Zia-ul-Haq staged a military coup, overthrowing Bhutto’s government. Zia declared martial law, and Bhutto was arrested. This coup marked the end of Bhutto’s rule and the beginning of Zia’s military regime.

8. Bhutto’s Trial and Execution (1979)

  • Controversial Trial: Bhutto was charged with conspiring to murder a political opponent, Nawab Mohammad Ahmad Khan Kasuri, and was put on trial. The trial was widely criticized for being politically motivated and lacking due process.
  • Execution: Despite international appeals for clemency, Zulfikar Ali Bhutto was hanged on April 4, 1979, after being sentenced to death. His execution remains one of the most controversial events in Pakistan’s history, with many viewing it as a political assassination.

Key Achievements of Bhutto’s Era:

  1. 1973 Constitution: The first consensus-based constitution, which still forms the basis of Pakistan’s governance.
  2. Nationalization: Bhutto’s socialist economic policies reshaped Pakistan’s industrial and financial sectors.
  3. Nuclear Program: Laid the foundation for Pakistan’s eventual nuclear capability.
  4. Foreign Policy: Strengthened relations with China, the Muslim world, and introduced a more independent foreign policy.

Challenges and Criticisms:

  1. Authoritarianism: Bhutto’s increasingly authoritarian tendencies alienated political opponents and civil society.
  2. Economic Decline: Nationalization led to inefficiencies, economic stagnation, and corruption.
  3. Balochistan Conflict: His handling of the insurgency in Balochistan was seen as heavy-handed.
  4. Political Unrest: The 1977 elections and subsequent protests destabilized his government.



Ayub Khan’s Regime (1958–1969)

Field Marshal Ayub Khan’s regime was a critical period in Pakistan’s political, economic, and social development. His era (1958–1969) began with the imposition of martial law and ended with his resignation amidst political unrest. Below is a detailed exploration of his regime:

1. Imposition of Martial Law and Rise to Power (1958)

  • Background: By the late 1950s, Pakistan was facing significant political instability. The frequent changes in governments, the failure to draft a durable constitution, ethnic tensions, and an economic crisis had destabilized the country. This gave rise to political chaos.
  • Coup and Martial Law: On October 7, 1958, President Iskander Mirza abrogated the constitution and declared martial law. He appointed General Ayub Khan as the Chief Martial Law Administrator. However, within 20 days, Ayub Khan forced Iskander Mirza into exile and assumed full control as the President of Pakistan.
  • End of Parliamentary System: This marked the end of the fragile parliamentary system that Pakistan had tried to establish post-independence.

2. Constitutional and Political Reforms

  • Abolition of the 1956 Constitution: Ayub Khan invalidated the 1956 constitution and dissolved the national and provincial assemblies.
  • Basic Democracies System (1959): To introduce controlled democracy, Ayub implemented the Basic Democracies System in 1959. It was a tiered system where local bodies elected people to represent them at higher levels. This allowed Ayub to bypass traditional political elites.
  • Referendum of 1960: A national referendum was held under the Basic Democracies System in 1960, in which Ayub Khan was confirmed as the President. The referendum gave him a mandate to rule for five more years.
  • Constitution of 1962: Ayub introduced Pakistan’s second constitution in 1962, which transformed the country into a presidential republic. This constitution centralized power in the hands of the president, abolishing the parliamentary system. It also declared Islamic Republic of Pakistan but placed certain secular limits on religious influence in governance.

3. Economic Policies and Reforms

Ayub Khan’s regime is often characterized by economic growth and modernization efforts:

  • Green Revolution: The Green Revolution led to significant agricultural growth, particularly in West Pakistan (now Pakistan). The use of high-yield seeds, modern irrigation techniques, and fertilizers increased crop production, particularly wheat and rice. However, the benefits of these reforms were unevenly distributed, favoring large landowners.
  • Industrialization: Ayub promoted industrial development, which led to rapid growth in Pakistan’s manufacturing sector. Large-scale industries like textiles, cement, and chemicals flourished. Foreign aid and private investment played crucial roles in this industrial push.
  • Economic Growth: Pakistan experienced impressive economic growth rates during Ayub’s rule, with an average GDP growth rate of 6-7% annually during the 1960s. This period is often referred to as Pakistan’s “Decade of Development.”
  • Foreign Aid: A significant portion of this growth was fueled by foreign aid, particularly from the United States and Western countries, due to Pakistan’s strategic importance in the Cold War. The country also received financial support from international organizations like the World Bank.
  • Five-Year Plans: Ayub’s government implemented the Second Five-Year Plan (1960–1965) and the Third Five-Year Plan (1965–1970). The second plan was largely successful in promoting agricultural and industrial growth, while the third plan was affected by the war with India and political instability.

4. Foreign Policy

Ayub Khan’s foreign policy was driven by pragmatism and alignment with the Western bloc during the Cold War:

  • Alliance with the United States: Pakistan became a key ally of the United States in South Asia. Under Ayub, Pakistan joined defense pacts like SEATO (Southeast Asia Treaty Organization) and CENTO (Central Treaty Organization), securing military and economic aid.
  • China-Pakistan Relations: Ayub’s regime also saw the development of strong ties with China. Despite Pakistan’s alignment with the US, Ayub balanced relations with China, especially after the Sino-Indian War of 1962. The Pakistan-China Boundary Agreement in 1963 marked a turning point in Sino-Pakistani relations.
  • Tashkent Agreement (1966): After the Indo-Pak War of 1965, Ayub’s government was pressured into signing the Tashkent Agreement with India, brokered by the Soviet Union. The agreement ended the war and restored territorial status quo but was unpopular in Pakistan. Many Pakistanis believed Ayub had lost an opportunity to secure a decisive victory over India.
  • Relations with India: Tensions with India remained high throughout Ayub’s tenure. The Indo-Pak War of 1965, fought over the Kashmir issue, ended in a stalemate, leading to widespread dissatisfaction in Pakistan.

5. Domestic Political Challenges and Opposition

  • Growing Political Opposition: By the mid-1960s, Ayub Khan faced growing political opposition. Economic inequality, regional disparities, and political repression alienated many segments of society, particularly in East Pakistan (now Bangladesh).
  • Awami League and East Pakistan: Discontent was especially strong in East Pakistan, where the people felt politically and economically marginalized. Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, the leader of the Awami League, emerged as a prominent voice demanding greater autonomy for East Pakistan.
  • Fatima Jinnah’s Candidacy (1965): In the 1965 Presidential Election, Fatima Jinnah, the sister of Muhammad Ali Jinnah, contested against Ayub Khan. She was supported by various opposition parties. Although Ayub won the election, many accused him of rigging the results.
  • Public Discontent: Discontent grew as Ayub’s policies favored the elites, large landowners, and industrialists. The growing gap between the rich and poor, and dissatisfaction in East Pakistan, sparked protests and strikes.

6. Social and Educational Reforms

  • Family Laws Ordinance (1961): One of Ayub’s key social reforms was the Family Laws Ordinance in 1961. It introduced progressive reforms, particularly for women’s rights, such as regulating marriage and divorce, polygamy, and inheritance. The ordinance was seen as controversial but a progressive step for women’s empowerment.
  • Educational Reforms: Ayub emphasized modernizing education and improving literacy rates. Universities and technical institutes were established, but these reforms were not sufficient to address the growing demand for education in both wings of Pakistan.
  • Modernization Efforts: Ayub’s regime also saw efforts toward modernization of infrastructure, particularly in West Pakistan, with the construction of new roads, bridges, and dams.

7. Decline of Ayub Khan’s Regime and 1969 Resignation

  • Economic Decline: While the early years of Ayub’s rule were marked by economic growth, by the late 1960s, economic growth began to slow down. The Third Five-Year Plan failed due to war expenditures, and inflation rose, leading to widespread dissatisfaction.
  • 1965 War Fallout: The inconclusive result of the 1965 war with India and the unpopular Tashkent Agreement led to widespread criticism of Ayub’s leadership. Many Pakistanis believed that Ayub had compromised Pakistan’s position by agreeing to a ceasefire.
  • Political Unrest: By 1968, widespread protests had broken out across the country. Both students and labor unions joined hands with political parties to demand Ayub’s resignation. East Pakistan was especially volatile due to the growing demands for autonomy.
  • Opposition Movements: Ayub’s political opponents, including Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto of the Pakistan People’s Party (PPP) and Sheikh Mujibur Rahman of the Awami League, mobilized masses against his regime. Bhutto, in particular, gained immense popularity in West Pakistan after resigning from Ayub’s cabinet.
  • Resignation (1969): Amidst mounting political pressure and failing health, Ayub Khan announced his resignation on March 25, 1969. He handed power over to General Yahya Khan, who imposed martial law once again, marking the end of Ayub Khan’s decade-long rule.

8. Legacy of Ayub Khan’s Regime

  • Mixed Legacy: Ayub Khan’s legacy remains controversial. He is credited with initiating economic growth and modernization but also criticized for undermining democracy and fostering political inequality. His policies laid the groundwork for the eventual disintegration of Pakistan in 1971, when East Pakistan seceded to form Bangladesh.
  • Authoritarianism: Ayub’s centralized authoritarian rule, especially through the Basic Democracies System, alienated key political actors and fueled long-term resentment, particularly in East Pakistan.
  • Development vs. Disparity: Although Ayub’s regime is often remembered as a “Decade of Development,” the benefits of economic growth were concentrated among the elite, and regional disparities deepened, leading to political unrest.



Pakistan Movement 1940 -1947

1941 – Civil Disobedience Movement

The twenty eighth Annual Session of the All India Muslim League was held at Madras and a resolution was adopted on the Civil Disobedience Movement started by Congress. This movement was aimed at forcing the British Government to accept the Congress demands regarding the future constitution of India. Congress wanted that power should be transferred to them so that the Muslim nation should become mere subjects of Hindu Raj.

1942 – Cripps Mission

Soon after the Lahore Resolution was passed in March 1940, there came a reassuring statement from the Viceroy, Lord Linlithgow, on 8 August 1940, which dearly stated that British Government could not contemplate the transfer of their present responsibilities for peace and welfare of India to any system of government whose authority is directly denied by large and powerful elements in India’s national life.
British Government recognized the genuineness in demand for Pakistan, indirectly in the proposals for the transfer of power after the Second World War which Sir Stafford Cripps brought to India in 1942. Both Congress and All India Muslim League rejected these proposals for different reasons. The principles of secession of Muslim India as a separate dominion was however, conceded in these proposals. After this failure, a prominent Congress leader, C. Rajgopalacharia, suggested a formula for a separate Muslim state in the working committee of the Indian National Congress, which was rejected at the time, but later on, in 1944, formed the basis of the Jinnah-Gandhi talks.

1942 – Quit India Movement

The Indian National Congress decided to start “Quit India Movement” and demanded that British should immediately withdraw from India. Mr. Gandhi advised his people to “do or die” to achieve their aim. This movement was termed an “open rebellion” against British Government in India. As a result of the Movement 940 people were killed within a period of four months and state property worth rupees one crore and thirty five lakhs was destroyed. In response to the Congress demand of Quit India, the League demanded “Divide and Quit.” The League remained aloof from the Movement since it was aimed as much against Muslims as it was against British.

1945 – Simla Conference

The Viceroy called a conference at Simla, since known as the First Simla Conference, where the formation of an Executive Council was discussed. The Congress claimed that it represented all the communities in India and as such it could nominate Muslims as members of the new Council. All India Muslim League did not accept the claim of Congress and stated that only All India Muslim League had the right to nominate Muslim members in the Executive Council.

All India Muslim League was pledged to the formation of a separate homeland for Indian Muslims, whereas Wavell Plan envisaged a united India. When question of representation of various religious groups on the Executive Council came under discussion, a deadlock occurred. All India Muslim League claimed that no other political party had the right to nominate Muslim members for the Executive Council.

Congress was opposed to this claim. The Unionist Party in Punjab was also pressing for representation on the Executive Council. Lord Wavell requested the two parties to send him a list giving the names of the members of their parties who could be included in the proposed Executive Council. Congress immediately submitted a list of its members which also included names of two Muslims. All India Muslim League did not submit the list and insisted that Muslim members of the proposed Executive Council should be chosen from the All-India Muslim League. On 14 July, 1945, Viceroy Lord Wavell announced that the Simla Conference had failed and that the efforts to bring Hindus and Muslims together have proved fruitless.

1946 – Cabinet Mission

The Cabinet Mission Plan, proposed by Cripps, represented Britain’s last, desperate attempt to transfer the power it retained over India to a single union. The mission put forward a three-tier federal form of government in which central government would be limited to power over defence, foreign relations, currency and communication; significant over powers would be delegated to the provinces. The plan also prescribed the zones that would be created: north-west Bengal and Assam would be joined to form a zone with a slight Muslim majority; in north-west, Punjab, Sindh, N.W.F.P., and Balochistan would be joined for a clear Muslim majority; and the remainder of the country would be third zone, with a clear Hindu majority. The approximation of boundaries of a new Pakistan was clear from the delineation of the zones. The mission also suggested the right of veto on legislation by communities that saw their interests adversely affected. Finally, the mission proposed that an interim government be established immediately and that new elections be held.

The Plan of June 3, 1947

This was a plan for the partition of India prepared by Lord Louis Mountbatten, the last Viceroy of India, in consultation with British Government. It was based on a fundamental principle that transfer of power should take place according to the wishes of the people. It provided for ascertaining the wishes of the people with regard to the framing of their constitution by:
(a) The existing Constituent Assembly OR
(b) A new and separate Constituent Assembly consisting of the representatives of those areas which decide not to participate in the existing Constituent Assembly. Members of the provincial legislatures of Bengal and Punjab were to decide on issue of partition and as soon as the decision involving partition had been taken, separate Boundary Commissions would be set up which would demarcate the boundaries of two parts of the provinces. In North West Frontier Province referendum was to be held to ascertain the wishes of the people and in Sindh Indian members of the Legislative Assembly were to take their own decision. In his broadcast statement Quaid-e-Azam said that the plan did not meet, in some respects, our point of view. He, however, expressed his satisfaction on some of the matters dealt within the Plan. But it is for us now to consider whether the Plan should be accepted by us as a compromise or a settlement.

July 18, 1947, Indian Independence Act; a bill providing independence was introduced in the House of Commons on July 4, 1947 and was passed on July 15, 1947. On July 16, 1947, it was passed by the House of Lords and received the Royal assent on July 18, 1947. It provided that “from the fifteenth day of August, nineteen hundred and forty seven, two independent dominions shall be set up in India, to be known respectively as India and Pakistan”. The Act provided that for each new dominion there would be a Governor General. The Act also provided that as long as the Constituent Assembly does not prepare a constitution of its own, the new dominions will be governed by the Government of India Act, 1935.

First Constituent Assembly of Pakistan

Quaid-e-Azam Mohammad Ali Jinnah arrived in Karachi on August 7, 1947 and addressed the Constituent Assembly of Pakistan on August 11, 1947 as its first Governor General. He said that the Assembly had two main functions to perform. The first was to frame the future constitution of Pakistan and second was to act as a Federal Legislature of Pakistan.

Radcliffe Award

The Boundary Commission appointed under the Indian Independence Act 1947, submitted its report commonly known as the Radcliffe Award. The Punjab Boundary Commission was constituted on June 30, 1947, as under:

  • Lord Cyril Radcliffe (Chairman)
  • Justice DM Mohammad
  • Justice Mohammad Munir
  • Justice Mehr Chand Mahajan; and
  • Justice Teja Singh

It worked from July 21, 1947 to July 30, 1947, and produced the Award in which the Muslim majority areas of Gurdaspur, Batala, Ferozepur, Zira and Jullundhar were given to India. Quaid-e-Azam said that it was an unjust, incomprehensible and even perverse Award. He further said that as he had agreed to abide by it, it was binding on us.

Transfer of Power

The transfer of power ceremony took place at Karachi. Lord Mountbatten and Quaid-e-Azam Mohammad Ali Jinnah addressed the Constituent Assembly of Pakistan. On 15 August, Quaid-e-Azam Mohammad Ali Jinnah sworn in as the first Governor Genera! of Pakistan. Mr. Liaquat Ali Khan was appointed as the first Prime Minister of Pakistan.



Pakistan Movement 1916 -1940

1919 – Khilafat Movement

After World War I, the Ottoman Empire faced dismemberment. Under the leadership of Ali Brothers, Maulana Muhammad Ali and Maulana Shaukat Ali, the Muslims of South Asia launched historic Khilafat Movement to try and save it. Mohandas Karam Chand Gandhi linked the issue of Swaraj with the Khilafat issue to associate Hindus with the movement. The ensuing movement was first countrywide popular movement.
The general impression among Muslims of India was that the western powers were waging a war against Islam throughout the world in order to rob it of all its power and influence. The Ottoman Empire was the only Muslim power that had maintained a semblance of authority and Muslims of India wanted to save Islamic political power from extinction.

1927 – Simon Commission

The British Government announced constitution of a commission under the supervision of Sir John Simon in November 1927. The commission having no Indian members was sent to investigate India’s constitutional problems and make recommendations to the Government on future constitution of India. Congress boycotted the Commission and there was a clear split in Muslim League over this issue.

1928 – Nehru Report

After the failure of Simon Commission, there was no alternative for British Government but to ask the local people to frame a constitution for themselves. They knew that Congress and Muslim League were the two main parties and that they both had serious difference of opinions. When All Parties Conference met for the third time in Bombay on May 19, 1928, there was hardly any prospect of an agreed constitution. It was then decided that a small committee should be appointed to work out the details of the constitution. Motilal Nehru headed this committee.
The committee worked for three months at Allahabad and its memorandum was called the “Nehru Report”. The chairman joined hands with Hindu Mahasabha and unceremoniously quashed recent Congress acceptance of the Delhi Proposals. The Nehru Report recommended that a Declaration of Rights should be inserted in the constitution assuring the fullest liberty of conscience and religion.
The recommendations of Nehru Report went against the interests of the Muslim community. It was an attempt to serve Hindu predominance over Muslims. The Nehru Committee’s greatest blow was the rejection of separate electorates. If the report had taken into account the Delhi Proposals, the Muslims might have accepted it. But the Nehru Committee did not consider the Delhi Proposals at all while formulating their report.
The Muslims were asking for one third representation in the center while Nehru Committee gave them only one fourth representation. It is true that two demands of Muslims were considered in Nehru Report but both of them were incomplete. It was said that Sindh should be separated from Bombay but the condition of self-economy was also put forward. It demanded constitutional reforms in N.W.F.P, but Balochistan was overlooked in the report.

1929 – Fourteen Points

A positive aspect of Nehru Report was that it resulted in the unity of divided Muslim groups. In a meeting of the council of All India Muslim League on March 28, 1929 members of both the Shafi League and Jinnah League participated. Quaid-e-Azam termed Nehru Report as a Hindu document, but considered simply rejecting the report as insufficient. He decided to give an alternative Muslim agenda. It was in this meeting that Quaid-e-Azam presented his famous “Fourteen Points”. The council of All India Muslim League accepted fourteen points of Quaid. A resolution was passed according to which no scheme for the future constitution of Government of India would be acceptable to Muslims unless and until it included the demands of Quaid presented in the fourteen points.

1930 – Allahabad Muslim League Annual Conference

Allama Muhammad Iqbal gave the most lucid explanation of the inner feelings of Muslim community in his address to All India Muslim League at Allahabad in 1930. Allama Muhammad Iqbal was a poet, philosopher and thinker who had gained countrywide fame and recognition by 1930. In his address, Allama Iqbal explained that Islam was the major formative factor in the life history of Indian Muslims. It furnished those basic emotions and loyalties, which gradually unify scattered individuals and groups and finally transform them into a well-defined people, possessing a moral consciousness of their own.

1930 to 1933 – Round Table Conferences

The first session of the conference opened in London on November 12, 1930. All parties were present except for Congress, whose leaders were in jail due to Civil Disobedience Movement. Congress leaders stated that they would have nothing to do with further constitutional discussion unless Nehru Report was enforced in its entirety as the constitution of India.
The Muslim-Hindu differences overcast the conference as Hindus were pushing for a powerful central government while Muslims stood for a loose federation of completely autonomous provinces. The Muslims demanded maintenance of weightage and separate electorates, Hindus their abolition. The Muslims claimed statutory majority in Punjab and Bengal, while Hindus resisted their imposition. In Punjab, the situation was complicated by inflated Sikh claims.
The conference broke up on January 19, 1931 and what emerged from it was a general agreement to write safeguards for minorities into constitution and a vague desire to devise a federal system for the country.

Gandhi – Irwin Pact

After the conclusion of the First Round Table Conference, British Government realized that cooperation of the Indian National Congress was necessary for further advancement in making of Indian constitution. Thus, Lord Irwin, the Viceroy, extended an invitation to Gandhi for talks. Gandhi agreed to end the Civil Disobedience Movement without laying down any preconditions.
The agreement between Gandhi and Irwin was signed on March 5, 1931. Following are the salient points of this agreement:

  • The Congress would discontinue the Civil Disobedience Movement
  • The Congress would participate in the Round Table Conference
  • The Government would withdraw all ordinances issued to curb the Congress
  • The Government would withdraw all prosecutions relating to offenses not involving ….violence
  • The Government would release all persons undergoing sentences of imprisonment for their activities in the civil disobedience movement. The second session of the conference opened in London on September 7, 1931. The main task of the conference was done through two committees on federal structure and minorities. Gandhi was a member of both but he adopted a very unreasonable attitude. He claimed that he represented all India and dismissed all other Indian delegates as non-representative because they did not belong to Congress.

The communal problem represented the most difficult issue for the delegates. Gandhi again tabled Congress scheme for a settlement, a mere reproduction of Nehru Report, but all the minorities rejected it. On the concluding day, British Prime Minister, Ramsay MacDonald appealed to Indian leaders to reach a communal settlement. Failing to do so, he said, would force the British Government would take a unilateral decision.
Quaid-e-Azam did not participate in the session of the Second Round Table Conference as he had decided to keep himself aloof from Indian politics and to practice as a professional lawyer in England.
On his return to India, Gandhi once again started Civil Disobedience Movement and was duly arrested. The third session began on November 17, 1932. It was short and unimportant. Congress was once again absent, so was Labor opposition in the British Parliament. Reports of the various committees were scrutinized. The conference ended on December 25, 1932.
The recommendations of the Round Table Conferences were embodied in a White Paper. It was published in March 1933 and debated in parliament directly afterwards, analyzed by the Joint Select Committee and after the final reading and loyal assent, the bill reached the Statute Book on July 24, 1935.

1938 – Death of Allama Iqbal

Allama Iqbal died in 1938 and was buried in front of Badshahi Mosque Lahore.

1939 – Day of Deliverance

Muslim League celebrated Day of Deliverance (Yum-i-Nijat) on December 22, 1939.

1940 – Pakistan Resolution

The twenty seventh session of All India Muslim League was held at Lahore under presidentship of Quaid-e-Azam Mohammad Ali Jinnah. The historic “Lahore Resolution, also known as “Pakistan Resolution”, was presented by Moulvi Abul Kasim Fazlul Haq, Premier of Bengal. The resolution demanded that Muslim majority areas as in north-western and eastern zones of India should be grouped to constitute independent states in which the constituent units should be autonomous and sovereign.