Introduction This unit deals with different approaches to supervision, ranging from the Authoritarian approach to Laissez-Faire and Synergistic styles. It provides a comprehensive overview of how each approach applies in educational supervision, offering insights into the methods and outcomes of these styles. Understanding these approaches helps in selecting the most suitable style for different supervisory … Read more
Introduction:Evaluation plays a critical role in administration by providing feedback on the effectiveness of various activities and processes. This unit addresses the concept of evaluation in the context of educational administration, including financial audits, academic audits, and performance appraisals, all vital for assessing the progress and functionality of an institution. Objectives: 1. Performance Appraisal: Definition … Read more
3.1 School Heads’ Responsibilities The school head or principal plays a crucial role in the effective management of a school. They are accountable to higher management and hold responsibility for both academic leadership and administrative tasks. Their duties encompass planning, budgeting, staff management, and fostering a positive learning environment. Key responsibilities include: 3.2 Academic Heads’ … Read more
Introduction The education system of Pakistan consists of over 260,000 institutions, facilitating more than 41 million students with the help of approximately 1.5 million teachers. This unit explores the educational administrative structures within both public and private sectors, as well as provincial and regional administration. The aim is to understand how educational institutions are organized … Read more
1.1 Concept and Definitions of Administration The term administration is derived from the Latin word “minister,” meaning service to others for their welfare. In the modern sense, administration refers to managing and overseeing the operations of an organization, particularly large institutions or governments. When applied to schools, the term becomes educational administration, which includes managing … Read more
Constructivism is an educational theory that emphasizes the active role of learners in constructing their own understanding and knowledge through experiences. It challenges traditional views of learning as the passive absorption of information and instead focuses on how learners build their own meaning through interactions with their environment. Introduction Constructivism argues that knowledge is constructed, … Read more
Cognitivism is an educational theory focused on how people think, learn, and remember. It emphasizes internal mental processes such as thinking, problem-solving, and memory, and how these processes influence learning. Cognitivism challenges behaviorism, which focuses only on observable behaviors and external reinforcement. History of Cognitivism Cognitivism emerged in the mid-20th century as a response to … Read more
1. Introduction 2. Learning Defined 3. Seven Key Questions 4. Behaviorism 5. Cognitivism 6. Constructivism 7. Comparison and Application 8. General Discussion
Behaviorism is a learning theory that focuses on observable behaviors rather than internal mental processes. It emphasizes that learning happens when a student’s behavior changes in response to external stimuli or rewards. In this theory, the mind is seen as a “blank slate,” and learning is a result of interactions with the environment. Key Concepts … Read more
1. Importance of Educational Policy and Planning: 2. Objectives of Educational Policies: Major Educational Policies in Pakistan: A Historical Overview 1. First Educational Conference (1947): 2. National Education Policy (1972): 3. National Education Policy (1979): 4. National Education Policy (1998-2010): 5. National Education Policy (2009): Analysis of Current Educational Policies and Their Effectiveness 1. Current … Read more
